History homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History homework - Essay Example The four noble truths provide an overview of what Buddhism expects. The third noble truth that is contentment, Buddha assures people of happiness away from suffering forms the discussion. Buddhism is concerned about spiritual nourishment. In this understanding, there are monks and nuns who assist in serving and guiding people. Therefore, material possessions are important in giving the monks and nuns gifts for their services. In temples, material possessions are used as offertories to the gods, pleasing the dead relatives as well as offerings to guests (Karunaratna Suvimalee: pp 70). Material possessions and worldly goods have to bring happiness in life in everyone, people next to them as friends, relatives, family members or business partners. From this account, I agree with the Buddhism philosophy since it elaborates the true use of genuine wealth. Currently, everybody in the city is a workaholic. This shows lack of purpose in life since they spend most of their time working. The lack of purpose has made many people greedy for material wealth in terms of money, property accumulations and businesses. With such greed in the mind, they focus on satisfying their needs while forgetting the community. Children during their early stages in development play around with toys to learn the art of being independent. In adolescent stages, people interact with goods to learn negotiation skills and the art of individualism. For instance, women use commodities for their personal representation while men use commodities in finding and exploring new ventures that promote the economy. Human beings have the freedom to choose what they deem right and enjoyable in life. However, during this process according to Buddha, they have to make wise choices that will ensure effective use of

Cradle to Cradle Essay Example for Free

Cradle to Cradle Essay The ? rst key aspect of Cradle to Cradle ® in education is to move away from teaching children to feel guilty. We have faced a long period of all kinds of environmental disasters which has created a feeling that it would be better if we were not here. This is why people talk about minimising footprints. For education, however, that’s not a very positive message. There’s no doubt that sustainability has brought us a great deal of valuable expertise such as knowledge about supply chain management, logistics, toxicity, top soil, phosphate, nutrient recovery, material ? ows, etc. There is a wide range of knowledge that we can now use and build on. However, this has also led to us feeling guilty for being alive and being on earth. If this is the basis for education, you will not be able to inspire people to do new things. You can’t be innovative working from guilt because you’re trying to minimise feeling guilty. We now have the opportunity to use 30 years of environmental debate for innovation. To put plastic into the ocean is just stupid, just like making chemicals that damage biological systems. People become more creative when they feel appreciated and live without fear. It’s far more powerful to be proud of what you do. So the ? rst, and far most important thing is to tell children that we are happy that they are here. I’ve looked at over 50 different types of native tribes and learned that when people feel accepted and safe, they are always generous and friendly. Even the poorest of the poor share their things. I hope this book inspires teachers and educational policy makers to create more room for children and students to feel accepted and give them the opportunity to be proud of being here. Noodle to Noodle? There are many approaches that can be taken when teaching children about our planet. However, I would kindly like to ask you not to confuse the concepts of industrial ecology, sustainability and life cycle assessment with C2C ®, because otherwise it all just becomes ‘noodle to noodle’. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 5 In my opinion, the concept of sustainability is especially unattractive for education. There is no innovation that is sustainable; otherwise it wouldn’t be an innovation. Sustainability always remains within the realm of existing systems, i. e. it always stays in the same paradigm. And just so that we’re clear, if we stay in the same paradigm, we will destroy the planet. Minimising your footprint, doesn’t help; we need to do things differently. People have been trying to do things that are less bad for many years now, but that just delays the process. We’ll just destroy the planet a little later. That doesn’t make sense. Cradle to Cradle is about innovation, quality and beauty. It’s not  ® And this requires long-term goals. By teaching children to set longterm positive goals, like: In 10 years we want to be soil ‘positive’, the educational system could make a dramatic change and generate endless innovation. Cradle to Cradle ® in education needs all your expertise This book showcases examples of the ? rst steps that are being taken to implement Cradle to Cradle ® in education. Several institutions in the Benelux countries are looking at how to implement C2C ® in their respective curricula. And there are similar developments in Denmark, Germany and Sweden as well. It’s amazing how fast it’s spreading. C2C ® helps empower students and teachers to become engineers, designers, architects, chemists, economists, communications specialists, managers, product developers, marketeers and urban planners because there is so much room to innovate. We need a change in education in all the different subjects. We need a whole range of skills to work together on solutions, and for that we need a whole range of quali? cations. Some people are more into operating things and others more into constructing, while some are more into conceptual work and others more into applying it. To really make things work, we need C2C ® principles to be applied to all ? elds. beautiful when it’s toxic. And it’s not beautiful when people can’t make a living either. These young kids want to be proud of what they do. Educational institutions have all the means to make young people feel accepted so they can be kind and generous. Sustainability is guilt management from the past. Why would we want to be less bad, when instead we can be good? Instead of talking about minimising our footprint, Cradle to Cradle is about making a big and positive footprint.  ® Positive intentions goals Education is always about intentions: Where do I want to be? What do I want to achieve? What is relevant for the people I’m working with? 6 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® I would be delighted if this book could help bridge the gap between the universities of applied sciences and the traditional universities because we need to develop solutions together. We need to combine theory with applications for ? nding answers to the question of how can we do this. Cradle to Cradle ® in education is about taking people as they are and supporting them to become what they want to be. This means looking at a C2C society. It’s about looking at what the human role is on this  ® While repairing the engine, the student mechanics automatically sorts the metals and other materials used, to make sure the other students have plenty of stuff to work with. Again. And again. And again. It has been a long day and Jeanne sits down for a second while watching over her lovely smelling hand creams, moisturisers and planet; it’s about innovation, a positive footprint, a system that allows us to be bene? cial, instead of less bad; it’s about giving people a long-term goal and a positive vision of where to go. Cradle to Cradle is about a positive agenda. To reach that goal, everybody needs to be on board. All your expertise and all your skills are essential. I hope this book invites and inspires you to look at how to translate C2C principles to your ? eld.  ® other skin products. She had been taught to read and really understand what is on the label. And these†¦ she Kind regards, Prof. Dr. Michael Braungart Hamburg, February 2011 Cradle to Cradle ® and C2C are registered trademarks of EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH and McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, LLC.knows for a fact, have only nice, healthy things in it. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 8 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® Ljiljana Wiersma-Rodic PhD Douglas Mulhall, Cradle to Cradle Chair, Erasmus University Cradle to Cradle ® is an innovation framework developed by Michael Braungart, and William McDonough and their colleagues in the 1990s for designing products and systems that are explicitly bene? cial to the individuals involved as well as to the natural environment and society at large. It is based on award-winning research started in the 1980s and continuing today at the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency (EPEA) in Hamburg Germany, for designing bene? cial economic, social and environmental features into products, processes and systems. The approach was originally known as the Intelligent Product System, and was awarded the Oce van der Grinten Prize in 1993. The approach is primarily an entrepreneurial and innovation concept that starts by determining the intended bene? ts of a product or service instead of focusing on minimizing negative environmental impacts. Development and design of materials, products, production processes and entire systems are based on the principles of natural ecosystems, where the quality and effectiveness of material and energy ? ows are central features. Some examples of this include the development of human- friendly buildings that produce energy and clean air, or agricultural and other activities that help to restore topsoil as one of our most valuable natural resources. Much like in natural ecosystems, material ? ow partnerships play a key role in the implementation of Cradle to Cradle principles. C2C functions in three distinct but inter-related categories Philosophy E. g. the concept of positive intentions and being bene? cial instead of ‘less bad’. The concept of C2C as an innovation platform for improving quality. These philosophical approaches provide an inspirational basis that distinguishes C2C from conventional ‘sustainability’. The philosophy of C2C also allows for further development of C2C as well as healthy discussion over what is the purpose of human beings on this planet, as described by Michael Braungart in his introduction. Principles Three basic principles that guide implementation of the C2C philosophy. The distinguishing point about these principles is that they can each be implemented measurably so that progress can be determined toward a goal. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 9 Application Tools The scienti? c, technical, economic, management and social tools that are used to implement the principles. C2C innovation starts by determining the intended value and de? ning one’s own positive, bene? cial intention. The process is then supported by a ‘road map’ prepared to ensure complementarity and synergy among the individual activities. An example is the ABC-X or ‘traf? c light’ system of assessing product ingredients for their de?ned use. is a nutrient for something else. This includes materials that are not normally considered to be waste. One of the fundamental laws of nature holds that residual materials from the metabolism of one organism constitute food for another organism. In a society that is based on Cradle to Cradle principles, all materials that we consider to be waste serve as input (nutrients, food) for a new cycle of production, time and time again. In this way, Cradle to Cradle eliminates the concept of waste because waste = food. The Cradle to Cradle concept distinguishes between consumption products and service products. Consumption products either get spent Principles The three basic principles of the Cradle to Cradle framework are: Waste = Food (everything is a nutrient for something else) Use current solar power income Celebrate diversity (biodiversity, conceptual diversity and cultural diversity). Waste = Food (everything is a nutrient for something else) There is often a misunderstanding of this principle due to the quick and catchy but somewhat misleading title. The important thing is not that waste becomes food for something else, but instead that everything 10 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ®Ã‚  (consumed) or wear out during their period of use and, if anything is left over, it can be safely returned to the natural environment. Some examples of this include agricultural products like bread and butter, cosmetic products like soap and hand cream, and natural ? Bre clothes and shoes. Such materials are considered to be biological nutrients, as they feed into a natural biological metabolism (‘biosphere’). Biological nutrients, e. g. wood, can be used in pre-de? ned ‘cascades’, where the quality deteriorates from one application to the next, but in the end all of the material can go back into the biological cycle, in ways that are bene? cial for and thus not harmful to human health or the environment. As these materials come from the land, due care is required for these nutrients to indeed remain on land instead of ending up in the ocean, where processes of biological degradation are quite different to those of terrestrial ecosystems or a composting installation. Service products do not get consumed, but rather provide the user with a certain desired service. Some examples of this include cars, washing machines and TV sets. These products are usually made out of metals and various synthetic materials, which originate from renewable or non-renewable sources and are often hazardous to human health and the environment. As such, they cannot be safely returned to the environment if they are completely disassembled into their component materials and disposed of after special processing. Those types of processes are usually impractical or too expensive, so it makes more sense to keep the materials in technical cycles where they can be reused and do not enter the environment in concentrations that are hazardous. Moreover, they often contain rare metals that are available on earth in very limited amounts. For these reasons, they are considered technological nutrients and should be returned to the technological cycle (‘techno sphere’), where they will be used to make new products with the same level of quality, time and time again. A famous example of this is Herman Miller’s Mirra chair, which has been designed for disassembly and for its materials to be reused in high-quality applications at least 200 times. According to Cradle to Cradle, the worst possible designs are so-called monstrous hybrids, consisting of materials that cannot be separated after use their period of use, and thus cannot be returned safely to either of the two cycles. Design for Sustainability Eco-efficiency C2C Environmental cost accounting Global view Partnerships in total chain management Product Stewardship / LCA Integrated managent systems Management system focus Pollution prevention Compliance proactive Compliance reactive Waste/ costs/ noncompliance Unprepared Aware/reactive Proactive Mainstreaming. Outward view Inward focus Mature/highly integrative Use current solar power income The Cradle to Cradle concept assumes a reliance on renewable energy sources that ultimately originate from the sun, i. e. solar energy, wind energy, water and various innovative bio-based sources, provided that they meet requirements of the ? rst C2C Principle, and do not compete with food crops. For further explanation of current solar income please refer to Cradle to Cradle Criteria for the Built Environment (Mulhall c. s. , 2010) which contains an annex on C2C and Energy describing this more precisely. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 11 Celebrate diversity Respect for diversity in all its forms, including biodiversity, cultural diversity, and diversity of ideas and innovation to suit local conditions, is an integral part of the Cradle to Cradle concept. Instead of relying solely on legislation as a means to of reconciling the perceived con? ict between economic interests and environmental protection, Cradle to Cradle encourages designers, entrepreneurs, policy-makers, material and other scientists alike to create systems and products that are  bene? Cial and add value to all three domains: the economy, society and the environment. under sustainability principles, individual mobile phones have become far more ef? cient, but collectively consume many times more materials and energy than they used to, because ef? ciency made them affordable for billions of users. Mobile phones produced under C2C principles are designed to make sure they can be effectively recovered at the same level of quality, not to minimize materials. This is a basic difference in approach for business. This is why C2C is often referred to as ‘surpassing’ or ‘going beyond’ sustainability. There are many other differences between C2C and sustainability as illustrated in the scheme on page 11. It is important for readers to Cradle to Cradle versus conventional Sustainability In further sections of this book you will frequently see reference to ‘sustainability’ when interviewees are discussing C2C. This is because companies often include C2C under their ‘sustainability’ portfolios. But actually this is not the ideal way to approach C2C because there are fundamental differences. Conventional sustainability usually attempts to minimize bad impacts through ef? ciency while C2C aims at improving bene? cial ones. To illustrate this let’s consider the case of mobile phones. Produced 12 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® keep this in mind when reading this book. It is also true that some application tools used for sustainability are also used for C2C1. 2. 1 Waste no more – The Van Gansewinkel Groep Roel Majoor, Organisational Development Manager (interviewed by Judith van Heeswijk) technological cycles. The constant conversion of waste into energy and raw materials is seen as added value. The company transformed from a traditional waste collector into a supplier of sustainable raw materials and energy. They seek sustainable solutions for their waste streams and consider their knowledge of waste as something of value to partners. Their goal is to work together in early product design stages so that they can ful? l a role and help deliver pro? table solutions for waste streams. Given that Van Gansewinkel has embraced the Cradle to Cradle The Van Gansewinkel Groep is a major player in waste management in Western Europe. It’s also one of the ?rst companies in Western Europe to fully implement Cradle to Cradle design in its business processes. The company’s sustainability ambitions have been translated into their business operations and into a strategy that includes Cradle to Cradle objectives. From their mission statement : 2 concept, this has also had implications for its operations and the way business (waste) processes are designed and managed. This means additional knowledge and competences are needed from employees. Since 2008, the company has been working together with EPEA to streamline knowledge in operations. They found that a lot of implicit knowledge about waste management is useful for understanding the transition to C2C. There was less explicit knowledge about C2C basic Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 13 †By seeing Cradle to Cradle as a guideline, we deal with raw material shortages and the CO2 problem. We assume opportunities and not debt management. † The company sees waste as a source of new raw materials and energy. They see their role as one that closes the biological and principles, so the company had to acquire additional knowledge about this. The EPEA shared these principles during a ?rst meeting. After that, practical knowledge and experience was even more important to bring employee knowledge up to a working level. The company understands that there is a signi? cant difference between knowing C2C in theory and predicting the way it will have to be applied in daily practice. The steps and processes have to be thought through and visualised several times to be able to thoroughly understand the principle. To really use C2C, insight into its use is essential. You have to make it your own. It is a radically different way of thinking and is, therefore, a paradigm shift. This means it also asks for a paradigm shift from employees. And in relation to customers’ needs in particular it is becoming more and more practical, as it also means that you ask the customer to think about waste from another perspective. The Van Gansewinkel employee has to be able to communicate the principle to the customer. Communication is something that should not be underestimated in the transition to C2C. Van Gansewinkel used three different training courses: waste managers, sales and marketing managers. A total of approximately 150 people took the course. The training course focused on large industry. 2 Sponsors training. A two-day EPEA training course for employees that need to know how to translate the C2C concept into the organisation. This training course was developed for managing directors, etc. 3 Advisors training: two one-day training in company courses for sales executives. It dealt with the basic principles and translating them into business operations. The training course focused on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). 1 Champions training: A four-day EPEA training course, in which the theory is brought to life and cases are studied. This training course was developed for regional management, key account managers, ‘Garbage Elefant’  © Franny Thonhauser 14 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® Large industry is able to close the biological and technological cycles itself, but that isn’t the case for SMEs, which are often just a small link in the production chain. Therefore, they are more dependent on other companies to change production and waste processes. Van Gansewinkel has turned out to be a chain facilitator in some cases. Van Gansewinkel has a reason for doing so because large volumes of waste are often necessary to be economically ef?  cient. Competences Van Gansewinkel states that working with C2C principles is more important than knowing them. General change management competences are essential and the three change management steps are: Management noticed that employees invest more time and energy in their work than their role requires. This is also evident at course reunions that take place a year after the training. Everyone is very willing to attend them and a lot of passion for the concept is shared. Technical issues From a technical point of view, it is mainly the strength of innovation that is important for the company. The company is implementing biomimicry for its innovation processes. It starts by learning to understand processes in nature and, from there, to develop and innovate the company’s processes. It’s a link between biology and technology or taking the ecological system into the technological one. Knowledge management Knowledge management has been very important for the main issues surrounding C2C transition. Several knowledge centres were opened to gather information and knowledge on materials and processes. It is not only the operators who have access to this information, but also account managers and local waste managers. These knowledge centres also provide information on where certain knowledge on materials is available and what speci? cs are accessible. 1 2 3 To raise awareness about the need for change. To highlight the momentum for change. To create a willingness to change It is only after you have taken these steps that you can work on the ability to change. The new competences for Van Gansewinkel were primarily change management ones. The main goal is to be able to address the story in a positive way, to tell it simply and convincingly, i. e. the sales pitch. Telling the story is not about selling a product, but about conveying an ideology. The employees have indicated that using the C2C concept adds more depth to their work and energises them. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 15 Seeing as the company is moving towards a more facilitating position in the materials market, it is focusing more on logistics and purchases. New business opportunities have also arisen, e. g. it’s investigating the possibility of producing and selling recycled glass for the consumer market. The glass industry is reluctant to invest though, so Van Gansewinkel has decided to develop this business on its own. This shows how innovative its new role can be. Additional knowledge on the basic Cradle to Cradle principles is needed for vocational-level competences. The basic ideology has to be embedded, so that employees are able to convey it to others. Employees on the technical site who have a vocational education background have to deal with the concept when working on separation plants. The main part of the machines in the plants is developed within the company. Technical engineers and operators are consulted during the development of new separation lines. This process actually hasn’t changed since C2C has been implemented. The operators are used as part of the developing processes. Only the perspective, goals and market needs have changed. Current developments within the organisation are expected to be temporary, because the transition to C2C is now leading the way. In the future, all the necessary changes will be made. The current change asks for a more project-oriented way of working and for employees to invest more time in it. Over time, however, products in the waste stream will be more and more assembled or degradable. The company wants  Knowledge and education At the moment, the company has to consult others in the new ? elds of expertise required. For the very ? rst time ever, they have three technical university trainees for these ? elds, i. e. Geometrics; Industrial Design, and Energy Sciences and Operation Management Logistics. 16 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® to have its waste processes aligned with these products and material streams by then. At the moment, the company has to deal with different types of material streams. Over the next few years, all technical engineering education needs to focus more on design. Design principles have to be taught to higher education and academic students. C2C principles also impact the organisation. A roadmap 3 has been designed to change facilities, e. g. the vehicles, human resource management (diversity and employing senior personnel,) and to make internal processes more C2C proof. They admit that pursuing these ambitions is sometimes a bit dif? cult ? nancially speaking. Desso is the ? rst carpet manufacturer in Europe, the Middle East and Asia to adopt the Cradle to Cradle design philosophy and they are planning further geographical expansion into Latin America. Their carpets and arti? cial grass will be produced using manufacturing processes that rely on renewable energy, seek to conserve water and embrace social responsibility. Their products are made from environmentally friendly, pure materials that are safe for human 2. 2 Quality personnel DESSO Joris Bressers, Human Resource Advisor (interviewed by Judith van Heeswijk) health and are designed in such a way that they can be biologically or technologically recycled 5 at the end of their useful lives. Prior to formal Cradle to Cradle certi?cation being granted, products, materials and components must all undergo a rigorous assessment procedure. The initial stages of the certi? cation process comprise assessing raw materials in terms of human and environmental health criteria, and evaluating the manufacturing process according to recycling potentials, energy and water use, and social responsibility. EPEA will be supplied with detailed information regarding all the materials involved in DESSO’s products and processes. The future steps towards Cradle to Cradle certi? cation are: List all the chemicals a product contains. All compounds are also separated into their components (the base chemicals). Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 17 Carpet, carpet tile and arti? cial turf manufacturer Desso is one of the leading companies in its ? eld in Europe. Their Business Carpets division manufactures carpets for commercial locations such as of? ces, banks, retail units, public buildings, schools, universities, hospitals and care centres. Point 3 of DESSO’s innovation strategy is its ambition regarding Cradle to Cradle: 4. â€Å"Cradle to Cradle: Developing products and processes that will contribute towards a better environment and better indoor quality. † Material Safety Data Sheets are collected as well as all toxicological and eco toxicological data. EPEA evaluates all chemicals on 12 different criteria and gives an overall assessment, i. e. red, yellow or green. Work on phase-out plans for those chemicals that are given a red assessment. EPEA monitors these plans. DESSO has already launched its innovative EcoBase ® carpet tile backing – enabling the world’s ? rst Cradle to Cradle silver certi? cation for an entire carpet tile product. Competences In 2007, when they started on their Cradle to Cradle journey, DESSO needed additional expertise in the company primarily chemical expertise at the design stage. The marketing department also needed additional expertise on the basic C2C principles, in order to be able to communicate the added value of the certi? ed products. Special technical project teams were set up to develop new machines. The key values encouraged throughout the organisation – and required At this point in time, 90% of DESSO’s polyamide carpet tile collection is Cradle to Cradle certi?ed. 6 from every employee to ensure a successful Cradle to Cradle work method are ‘ownership’, common sense, ambition and integrity. Furthermore, Desso have seen that employees are motivated and driven by being involved in this ambitious, strategic change of direction. A large group of employees from the company from a variety of departments and disciplines were given a training course at EPEA and this expertise has since been transferred into the production processes. EPEA has been contributing to further increasing knowledge within the organisation. The company has found that it is one of  the leaders in implementing the concept and therefore had to discover and tackle a lot of issues themselves in the early stages. 18 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® Employee commitment to the Cradle to Cradle goals is of utmost importance, along with a strong belief in the philosophy. If they see for themselves that implementing it works, and that the market responds positively, that creates great encouragement to move ahead. DESSO created a Cradle to Cradle awareness team tasked with raising awareness on sustainable issues within the organisation, such as waste management. The company strategy places Cradle to Cradle as the top concern for every part of the organisation, and has identi? ed their production processes as the ? rst area to target. education organisations are sometimes not up to speed with the new developments within multinationals. The students are often not fully equipped with essential frontline knowledge. Moreover the multinationals have dif? culty ? nding new employees that can immediately take up a complicated subject like Cradle to Cradle and AkzoNobel needs these kinds of people as their ambition is to belong to the world’s most sustainable multinationals. The company seeks to attract genuinely motivated and interested students. A real compassion is essential, especially when it comes to sustainable issues. AkzoNobel took the initiative to search for those students another way. With some partners (BECO, Royal Cosun, DPI Value 2. 3 Factory of the Future Akzo Nobel Jan Verlaan, Ideation Manager (interviewed by Judith van Heeswijk) Centre, Search, Witteveen+Bos, and DSM), it developed a conceptual production environment based on sustainable principles, in terms of people (equity), planet (ecology) and pro?t (economy), for the total value chain. The aim of this virtual facility is to close the biological and technological cycles of a product and its related manufacturing as much as possible. AkzoNobel has extensive global experience cooperating with educational organisations both on traineeships and on projects. The impression of Jan Verlaan, Ideation manager at AkzoNobel, that universities and higher The critical factor in developing this virtual Factory of the Future 7 is sustainable design, in which Cradle to Cradle principles form the foundation where possible. The facility’s design showcases renewable energy, water management and active materials and transport management. Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® 19 The Factory of the Future demonstrates the feasibility of a typical chemical plant designed according to a continuous loops system, i. e. a production environment based on sustainable principles for a positive footprint. All the partners realise that existing processes have to be redeveloped for sustainable development. Therefore, starting from scratch is essential. The project aims to generate an open concept for the factory, one that can be used by other companies and projects to bene? t society as a whole. The production environment will be suitable for a variety of sustainable products and production lines. The facility will be available as a training centre for users to train employees on new processes and products. The aim is to design not only a sustainable building, but also a sustainable production chain, which requires solutions at a much higher level. The Factory of the Future project also extends into a learning community. Students have to apply for the Honours course, which they follow for six months and which can lead to a graduation project. AkzoNobel reckons it will particularly need people from different disciplines who relate to sustainability. Production chains will become sustainable and will, therefore, change in the near future. Nonetheless, other aspects of enterprise will change. Financing structures, business 20 Inspired by Cradle to Cradle ® models, the legal system, policy, facility management, buildings, training, HR management, etc. ; all of these will change because of the increasing orientation towards sustainability that will become explicit when Cradle to Cradle is introduced into the organisation. They have people with chemical process.

History, present and future of BRIC countries

History, present and future of BRIC countries INTRODUCTION Our topic for research is BRIC issues, so firstly we must know what is BRIC. BRIC is a related acronym that refers to the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. This idea was incorporated by Brazilian president Luis Inacio Lula da Silva in June 2007. The basic reason for these four countries to come together was their common dissatisfaction the prevailing global economic and political order largely dominated by the US and her western allies. They have not been given the importance that these countries should have got in relation to their size and share in the economy. Its only the G-8 countries that decide for the future rules of global world order. So this was the reason for formation of the BRIC countries. The BRIC countries are also referred to as the big four as all of them are deemed to be at similar stage of economic development. The acronym was coined by Jim ONeill in a 2001 paper entitled The World Needs Better Economic BRICs. The following is the position of BRIC nations in relation to the world: Countries Share of world nominal GDP (%) Share of world military spending (%) Share of world population (%) Share of world landmass (%) Average share (%) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png  Brazil 3.3 1.7 2.8 5.6 3.4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png  China 9.3 6.6 19.5 6.2 10.4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png  India 2.3 2.4 17.3 1.9 6.0 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png  Russia 2.4 3.5 2.1 10.9 4.7 According to Goldman Sachs, by 2050 the combined economies of the BRIC countries would eclipse the combined economies of the current richest countries in the world. The BRIC countries combined currently account for more than quarter of worlds land and more than 40% of worlds population. The economic potential of Brazil, Russia, India and China is such that they can become the top four dominant countries of the world by the year 2050. The following leaders were present at the summit: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lula_-_foto_oficial05012007_edit.jpg/80px-Lula_-_foto_oficial05012007_edit.jpg BrazilBrazil Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva, President http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-5.jpg/86px-Dmitry_Medvedev_official_large_photo_-5.jpg RussiaRussia Dmitry Medvedev, President http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Manmohansingh04052007.jpg/78px-Manmohansingh04052007.jpg IndiaIndia Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hu_Jintao_%28Cropped%29.png/107px-Hu_Jintao_%28Cropped%29.png Peoples Republic of ChinaChina Hu Jintao, President BRIC countries hold a combined GDP (PPP) of 15.435 trillion dollars. On almost every scale, they would be the largest entity on the global stage. These four countries are among the biggest and fastest growing emerging markets. In a paper Dreaming with BRICS: The Path to 2050, published in 2003, the following was estimated: Chinas economy will surpass the economy of Germany in the next few years, of Japan by 2015, and of the United States of America by 2041. The growth rate of India will be the highest and it will overtake Japan by 2032. BRICs currencies can appreciate by 300% over the next 50 years. Taken together, the BRIC countries can be larger than United States and the developed economies within 40 years. By the year 2025. The BRIC countries will bring about 200 million people with incomes above $15000 in the worlds economy. It is equal to the combined populations of Germany, France and United Kingdom. But according to the reports the economy of china overtook the economy of Germany in the year 2007 instead of the prediction of 2008 and Japan in the July 2010. ISSUES RELATING TO BRIC COUNTIES The first official BRIC summit was held on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attended this summit. The main focus of this summit was to improve the current global economic situation and discussing how these four countries could work together in the future for the development of the world economy. They also discussed how these countries could be better involved in global affairs in the future. They also suggested that there was a need for a new global reserve currency that is diversified, stable and predictable. This statement was a kind of an attack on the dominance of the US dollar. The foreign ministers of all these countries had earlier also met on May 16, 2008 in Yakaterinburg. One week before their first official summit, Brazil had offered $10 billion dollars to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was the first time that the country had ever made such a loan. This loan showed how the economy of Brazil is growing and that it is in a good state now. China has also planned to invest a total of $50.1 billion and Russia planned to invest $10 billion. The following the major issues discussed by BRIC: Coping with the current international financial crisis: Discussions were held on issues such as the worlds reserve currency and some countries will try and adopt local currencies as settlement currency for bilateral trade so that they can overcome the impact of international financial crisis and facilitate trade contacts with other countries. The BRIC countries discussed ways to overcome the financial crisis that many parts of the world were facing as a result of the crisis that started in U.S. Coping with global climate change: Another important BRIC issue is to cope with global climate change. This is a very important issue because we need to ensure that the world becomes a better planet to live in. The concept of sustainable development was stressed in solving this problem. Sustainable development means that the resources should be used efficiently and effectively such that it is not only useful to the present generations but also available for the future generations. They also discussed that environmental issues should not be made an excuse to restrain the economic and social development of emerging economies. Environmental degradation should not hinder economic growth. The colloquium on Climate Change Law and Governance in South Asia, aims to inspire legal discussion within and between the BRICs countries. It is being jointly organized by the Environment Ministry of Government of India and the Geneva-based International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Development of second and third generation renewable energies The development of second and third generation renewable energies is a subject of common interest for all the countries. They also hope that more and more countries of the world will participate in the development and utilization of renewable sources of energy so as to facilitate economic development. World peace and security: World peace and security is a universal issue concerning the human race. Without peace and security economic growth and development cannot happen. The emerging markets should play a greater role among international multilateral institutions to improve the efficiency, vitality of international multilateral mechanism. Such countries can play a positive role to preserve the sovereignty of all countries as well as maintain world peace. BRIC cooperation will enhance the voice of developing nations: BRIC countries share common interests and concerns in international affairs and should consolidate cooperation. It is necessary for the BRIC countries to strengthen dialogue, coordination and cooperation to enhance the overall voice and influence of emerging markets and developing countries, and promote world peace, stability and universal development. BRIC countries demand more say in financial system reform: The BRIC countries have welcomed the expansion of the Balse committee that standard accounting bodies need to be set up. The BRIC ministers agreed that stabilization of international financial system through liquidity support and recapitalization is a priority. They are also taking measures to promote domestic demand in their national economies. The BRIC countries to play roles as new donors to Africa: Africa has plenty to gain from the growing involvement of China and other BRIC nations in trade and investment on the continent Need for changes in global institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank: The BRIC countries have realized the need for change in global institutions including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. There is also a need to update regulation of financial markets to avoid another global crisis. On matters relating to the IMF, the countries have agreed to aim at achieving a significant 7% shift in Quota shares in favour of EMDCs and New arrangement to borrow. For the World Bank, the nations discussed ways and means of enhancing the voice participation of developing countries and agreed to aim for a shift of a 6% of parity. They also supported an increase in capital for both the World Bank and its private lending arm, the International Finance Corporation (IFC). Challenges in setting conditions for sustained growth: Brazil is the only nation where the growth rates have been less than expected. This is because Brazil is much less open to trade and it has lower investment and savings. The public and foreign debt is also very high. Unless these obstacles are removed, Brazil is unlikely to achieve the targets set for it. Environmental constraints: Environmental degradation is a critical risk to the economic rise of the BRIC nations. Global warming can have a bad impact on the rural incomes. Also urbanization and industrialization puts a lot of pressure on the environment. Many major cities like Shanghai, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro are vulnerable to rising sea levels. Resources issue: Russia and Brazil are resource rich nations but china and India have to depend a lot upon imports to fuel their growth. If commodity prices rise, it will have a lot of effect on their imports and hence their growth. If technology advances and reduces dependence on conventional energy sources, Russia and Brazil will face reduced prospects for growth. Demographics: The population of India is increasing at a very high rate while the population of Russia is at decline. Brazil and China have declining populations (in case of China due to one family one child policy). Population decline could be a significant constraint for Russia and China, though China could avoid this by relaxing the rules a bit. Structural constraints: All the BRIC countries have structural issues which need to be addressed. India needs significant economic reforms. Brazil saves and invests too little. Each country should invest at least that much to ensure that it has infrastructure to maintain growth. Iran: Brazil has expressed affinity with China towards the Iranian nuclear issue. Development: China has showed willingness to be a positive partner in global development saying The scale and complexity of the challenges that we face in the course of development are unmatched anywhere else in the world and have been rarely seen in human history. China is willing to be dedicated to peace and cooperation and is willing to make greater contribution to mankind. The above were most of the major BRIC issues which we have tried to explain through our research.

The Korean War Essay -- South Korean History

The Korean War began on June 25th, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. On June 27th, 1950, American United Nations forces intervened to stop the advance. This action has positively and negatively affected both the United States and Korea. Deciding to aid South Korea in the Korean War has drastically changed the lives of many people. In 1949, China fell into Mao Zedong’s communist forces. More than 500 million Chinese and 220 million soviets lived under communist rule. Japan ruled Korea from 1905 until the end of World War 2. Most Americans had barely even heard of Korea. After World War 2, Korea was divided into North and South (Brownstone and Franck p.238). On June 25th, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. North Korea wanted to unify itself with South Korea and create one Korea. North Korea believed a communist government was the most beneficial government to live under. But South Korea disagreed with them. The 38th parallel is the border that divided North and South Korea (Snippets, 2011). The 38th parallel divided the capitalist Southern part of Korea and the communist Northern part of Korea (Hickey, 2010). During the Korean War, the United States had two presidents. Harry Truman was president when it began in 1950, and Dwight Eisenhower was elected in 1952. The president of South Korea during this time was Syngman Rhee (Hickey, 2010). Korea’s biggest problem has always been the lack of resources. Even today, the limited natural resources and small population have deprived them of being a more powerful nation (Snippets, 2011). China entered the war on October 19th, 1950 (Korean, 2011). General MacArthur sent American troops deep into the South. United State Senators went on television and radio and demanded that ... ...e more power. The war between North and South Korea paused with an armistice signed on July 27th, 1953. Sending troops to fight in the war illustrates the United States’ loyalty to South Korea, and this action has positively affected the United States, Korea, and many other countries. Deciding to aid South Korea in the Korean War has drastically changed the lives of many people. The world would be a lot different if the Korean War never occurred. The United States and China wouldn’t be rivals. Also, there wouldn’t be any hostility between North and South Korea, and the 38th parallel wouldn’t exist. However, the Korean War has created a strong bond between South Korea and the United States. The Korean War was also the first war in which blacks and whites fought alongside each other in the American Armed Forces and the war was a learning experience for the world.

Literary Analysis of Robin Goodfellow in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

Numerous scholars who examine and analyze the comedy of A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare point to Puck as the most significant character in the play. Although Shakespeare masks Puck’s important role in the comedy by hiding him amongst the more powerful characters, it becomes apparent that Puck’s mischievous attitude and knack for creating chaos are what moves the play along without a designated climax (â€Å"The Comedies: ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream†). Puck is first introduced in â€Å"Act II Scene I† when a fairy notions Puck’s infamy by inquiring to him, â€Å"Either I mistake your shape and making quite, Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite called Robin Goodfellow† (II. i. 33-35). The fact that Puck is especially known for his ability to morph order to disorder, and likewise, foreshadows the idea of Puck playing an important role in the inevitable chaos and subsequent order between both the mortals and the fairies. Puck, the â€Å"shrewd and knavish† fairy assistant to Oberon, plays and undeniably important part in the constant battle between order and disorder in A Midsummer Night’s Dream through his intentional antics, comedic mistakes, and convoluted relationship with both fairies and mortals. The names â€Å"Robin Goodfellow† and â€Å"Puck† were used in traditional fairy lore me as a sobriquet for the devil. The troublesome persona of Puck reflects his name indubitably. One of the predominant characteristics of Puck is his ability to create disorder, where he first displays this nature in â€Å"Act II Scene II† when he mistakes Lysander for Demetrius and anoints his eyes with a love potion. When Lysander wakes up, he immediately falls in love with Helena, discarding his true love, Hermia, by saying, â€Å"Hang off, thou cat, thou burr! Vile thing, let loose† (III. ii. 270). Puck’s next act of mischief in the play is directed towards Nick Bottom and Titania, when he transforms Bottom’s head into that of a burro in order to cause Titania, who was under a love potion, to fall madly in love with him upon her awakening. He expresses his gleeful attitude towards the situating by declaring, â€Å"My mistress with a monster is in love† (III. ii. 6). When listening to Puck’s dialogue between other characters in the play, one can observe that Puck enjoys bringing about chaos to mortals in order to entertain himself and his master, Oberon, just as Philostrate organizes entertainment for his master, Theseus (â€Å"Puck Through the Ages†). That being said, Robin also plays a major part in returning order to the turmoil he formerly caused. In â€Å"Act III Scene II,† at the height of the confusion in which all four Athenian lovers along with Titania and Bottom were affected by magic, Puck begins his campaign to mend the discord. First, he squeezes the love potion into Demetrius’ eyes in order to get him to fall in love with Helena. Then, Puck casts a thick fog on the forest and imitates both Lysander and Demetrius’ voices to get all four lovers to wander near each other without noticing and sleep. Once asleep, Robin squeezes the love potion once more on Lysander’s eyes and declares a return to order by saying, â€Å"Jack shall have Jill, Nought shall go ill; The man shall have his mare again, and all shall be well† (III. ii. 461-63). By using the same kind of mischief that caused the disorder in the first place, Puck was able to harness its power and fix the conflict to restore peace again. Through his manipulation and mischief, Robin Goodfellow was able to conjure up both order and disorder in order to entertain himself, his master, and everyone who hears the play. Furthermore, he moved the play along without a climax by altering the â€Å"reality† that the play contained. Puck even left the audience in confusion when he gave the last word, saying that us the readers could decide for ourselves if the play was real or not. These contributions alone are why Puck is considered the most important character and why the play itself makes sense, is a comedy, and is still a classic example of literature today.

How To Quit A Job You Just Started

How To Quit A Job You Just Started You did everything right and landed the job. Trouble is, through no fault of your own, it’s just not what you expected it would be. You’re suddenly desperate not to work there anymore, but you’re worried that you’re stuck. You don’t want to anger your new colleagues or boss. You don’t want to risk being blacklisted from future positions at the company. You don’t want to bring your educational institution a bad name. And you definitely don’t want to be seen as a quitter. What if you get to your next job and feel the same way? You can’t just keep bailing after week one! These are all things to think through if you find yourself in an unhappy situation. But do bear in mind that there are other considerations. You won’t be as happy, fulfilled, challenged, or productive at an unfulfilling job. Getting out now, once you can see the unpleasant future spilling out before you, might just save both you and your boss a lot of trouble and mental waste.If you do decide to quit, be absolutely sure before you do. That’s the most important factor in deciding whether to breach decorum and cut your losses before you’ve even gotten situated in a new position. The second most important thing is to exit gracefully.Here’s how:Resign tactfully.Don’t burn any bridges. Do what you can to keep these contacts. And do it in person. This is not the time for letters or emails (though you should have a formal resignation letter ready to go after you meet to discuss with your boss). You owe it to your supervisor to explain why you are bailing- particularly after so much joint effort to get you on board.Be honest and apologetic.Don’t make weak  excuses that you think will make your boss feel empathy for you. Give the real reason, or the closest to it you can get, and still remain tactful. Be genuinely sorry for the inconvenience, and pivot to showing how this is best for the company and y our quitting is actually something of a selfless act. If you’re the wrong fit for this job, it’s your moral duty to speak up and say so before wasting time and resources.Give proper notice.You’ll want to do this with plenty of time for them to find someone else. You should even offer, if at all possible, to stay until they find and train your replacement. This could be great for you if you don’t have an alternative job lined up- use the time to find another one! Remember, you are inconveniencing them, and should behave accordingly.Consider that you might be asked to stay.In most cases, you’ll be given a bunch of reasons to stay. Ask yourself before you speak to your boss whether there are any conditions that, if changed, would make you actually want to stay. Have an answer prepared either way.Think harder next time.Don’t beat yourself up. But do let this be a lesson that you should really consider all angles of a new job before accepting it. Saving yourself the embarrassment and a whole lot of extra uncertainty and work.

Sample Weak Supplemental Essay for Duke University

Sample Weak Supplemental Essay for Duke University What should you avoid when writing a supplemental essay for college admission? Duke Universitys Trinity College offers applicants the opportunity to write a supplemental essay that answers the question: Please discuss why you consider Duke a good match for you. Is there something in particular at Duke that attracts you? Please limit your response to one or two paragraphs. The question is typical of many supplemental essays. Essentially, the admissions folks want to know why their school is of particular interest to you. Such questions often generate remarkably bland essays that make common  supplemental essay mistakes. The example below is one example of what not to do. Read the short essay, and then a critique highlighting some of the mistakes made by the author. Example of ​aWeak Supplemental Essay I believe the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences at Duke is an excellent match for me. I believe college should not be merely a gateway to the work force; it should educate the student in a variety of subjects and prepare him or her for the range of challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in life. I have always been a curious person and enjoy reading all kinds of literature and nonfiction. In high school I excelled in history, English, AP psychology, and other liberal arts subjects. I have not yet decided on a major, but when I do, it will almost certainly be in the liberal arts, such as history or political science. I know that Trinity College is very strong in these areas. But regardless of my major, I want to receive a broad education that spans a variety of areas in the liberal arts, so that I will graduate as not only a viable job prospect, but also as a well-rounded and learned adult who can make diverse and valuable contributions to my community. I believe Duke’s Trinity College will help me grow and become that kind of person. Critique of the Duke Supplemental Essay The sample supplemental essay for  Duke  is typical of what an admissions office frequently encounters. At first glance, the essay may seem just fine. The grammar and mechanics are solid, and the writer clearly wants to expand his or her education and become a well-rounded person. But think about what the prompt is actually asking: discuss why you consider Duke a good match for you. Is there something  in particular at Duke  that attracts you? The assignment here is not to describe why you want to go to college. The admissions office is asking you to explain why you want to go to Duke. A good response, then, must discuss specific aspects of Duke that appeal to the applicant. Unlike a  strong supplemental essay, the sample essay above fails to do so. Think about what the student says about Duke: the school will educate the student in a variety of subjects and present a range of challenges and opportunities. The applicant wants a broad education that spans a variety of areas. The student wants to be well-rounded and to grow. These are all worthwhile goals, but they dont say anything that is unique to Duke. Any comprehensive university offers a variety of subjects and helps students to grow. Also, by talking about the student and using phrases such as him or her, the author makes clear that the essay is presenting generalities rather than creating a clear and specific relationship between Duke and the applicant. A successful supplemental essay must clearly articulate what specific features of the school make it the right match for your personality, passions, and professional goals. The admissions folks need to see a clear and sensible reason for your desire to transfer. Is Your Supplemental Essay Specific Enough? As you write your supplemental essay, take the global replace test. If you can take your essay and substitute the name of one school for another, then you have failed to address the essay prompt adequately. Here, for example, we could replace Dukes Trinity College with the University of Maryland or Stanford or Ohio State. Nothing in the essay is actually about Duke. In short, the essay is filled with vague, generic language. The author demonstrates no specific knowledge of Duke and no clear desire actually to attend Duke. The student who wrote this supplemental essay probably hurt his or her application more than helped it.

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays

Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essays Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay Agritourism Program In Cyprus Tourism Essay constitution of agritourism development and presentation program had taken topographic point ( Hsu, 2005 ) . The plantation countries in Sumatra and Java in Indonesia have been developed chiefly for rural touristry. In Korea, a group of more than five farm families with place stay small towns near tourer resorts have been developed as tourist-farms. In Malaysia, the authorities pumps out most of the financess for more than 30 agritourism centres ( Sharpley A ; Vass, 2006 ) . Malayan Minister of Agriculture has emphasized the importance of revolutionising the agribusiness sector, in the conference of Malaysia Agriculture, Horticulture and Crops, saying, we will besides seek to transform many of our agricultural and research Stationss in to tourers finishs ( Hamid, 2000 ) . Hsu ( 2005 ) has reported that, in Taiwan, agritourism was proposed by the Department of Agricultural Extension of the National Taiwan University and the Council of Agriculture in 1989. In 1993, the council of Agriculture advocated the Leisure Farm guiding Development and Management Program to help the husbandmans those who were interested in diversifying their direction schemes. In 1996, the Leisure Farm Guiding Regulations was formulated by the authorities. Other than the old aims, encouragement of farm proprietors to incorporate local cultural activities into their direction schemes to boot the local economic system was besides emphasized. In India Agro Rural Tourism ( ART ) is a plan to happen solution to get the better of agriculture job. So, the Agro Rural Tourism can be a best auxiliary concern for Agriculture. ART is traveling to be organized non merely on a developed secret plan like a resort, but besides on the huge atmosphere of activity agriculture set up, if this agriculture is decently integrated and sustainable, of course. Importance will be given to the ecological deductions of the country. Thus ART will automatically back up the planetary construct of Environmental Security . Besides, Haryana Tourism, ( 2007 ) reported that, Haryana Tourism in India is the first province in the state established agritourism coaction with 13 farms near Delhi which seeks to open a view of new chances such as musical sound of nature, pure air, seting babe seeds, siting bullock carts, organic nutrient, cultural heritage, common people traditions, joys of nature etc. The farms are located in Faridabad, Gurgon, Rohtak and Karnal territories of Haryana. Other than theses topographic points, there are agritourism finishs in countries such as Mahrashtra, Kerala, Panjab etc. Agribusiness and agritourism in Thailand is traveling in front, compared to other states in the part. At present, 80 Agricultural experiment Stationss are in the state supplying support for the agribusiness sector in legion ways. Out of 80 the experiment Stationss, 17 Stationss have been developed by the Department of Agriculture as agritourism operations sing the suited characteristics of each finish like educational value, their location, importance as a premier touristry topographic point, their available boarding installation etc. It is reported that there is a high demand for those finishs by local every bit good as foreign visitants. Guide book to agritourism introduced by the secretary of the Tourism Office, Department of Agriculture, provides all the utile information for all 17 centres including the critical tourer calendar ( Department of Agriculture Thailand, 2004 ) . Other than Public agritourism centres, there are many private finishs which provide the service to visitan ts in assorted graduated tables. Farm Chokchai in Nawankoon, Choto Re Leai in Loei, VaVee Station and Doi Tuny in Chiang Ria, Ang Kang Station ( Royal undertaking ) in Chiang Mai are some of the best illustrations. Agritourism in Sri Lanka is in the emerging phase and there are merely a few finishs available at present in the state. Although there are installations to see farm lands by public free of charge upon anterior petition, agritourism as a concern is still a new construct for most of the rural countries. Besides, husbandmans have deficiency of cognition and accomplishment to get down agritourism operations on their ain. Though a few husbandmans have the possible, they need outside support and counsel to originate. Although there is certain degree of experiences on agritourism in few Asiatic states, most of the presently available experiences are chiefly from economically advanced states holding big farms. For case, in USA and Canada, the mean size of a small-scale farm is 1000 hour angle and in Canada 1500ha severally, and they are much larger than large-scale farms in Asia. So, there is a uncertainty whether we can use these experiences straight to Asiatic states like Sri Lanka, particularly to the small-scale rural husbandmans. Summarizing up the facts, it is really apparent that agritourism, as a turning sector, has a sound foundation for bring forthing income in rural countries of many states. Wicks A ; Merrett ( 2003 ) have mentioned that, agritourism development can be successfully integrated into local economic systems, environment and rural life styles without a great break. However, in some state of affairss they have non been able to give the expected result. Furthermore, most of the experiences of agritourism which I came across during my literature study were, from developed and good advanced states. Compared to developing states, those husbandmans have big size farms, good instruction A ; engineering and a batch of other installations and authorities support to run a farm concern good. Besides, general people have a batch of chances to prosecute in travel and touristry as visitants. But, the status of the farms in Sri Lanka is different in many facets. Therefore, the inquiry we have is whether agritourism in Sri Lanka would give the same result as the other developed counties? 3.2.9 Agritourism and farm touristry Farm touristry can be explained as the procedure of sing a farm for a vacation, take parting in its operations and larning about agriculture. Harmonizing to Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited ( 2012 ) the construct of farm touristry envisages engagement of private sector the husbandmans / farm house proprietors based on public private partnership. The farm house proprietors act as both hosts and ushers to the sing tourer. Preference is given to farm which have agricultural land attached. The farm house proprietor is supposed to supply place cooked nutrient, stay installations and demo the visitant the agricultural patterns such as flower gardening, harvest home, bee maintaining, dairying etc. and present to him the small town manner of life through assorted participatory activities. The visitants can bask the natural milieus in fresh air. The visitant gets an exposure of local community life which means go toing a panchayet meeting, exposure of local vocals, nutrient, dances, art a nd trade etc.The circuit of small town includes sing the local craftsmans like the carpenter, blacksmith etc. The visitants have experience of festival juncture such as matrimony and local repasts. They can besides take part or witness small town games such as wresting, gulidanda kite winging and have ride on bullock cart, tractor etc. Experiences such as leaping on the hay and taking bath in the well could be alone characteristic for the people and kids from urban countries. They can besides see the of import carnivals and festivals being organized in these countries along with of import memorials, have prevarications, historical sites etc. Each farm can take at developing a alone merchandising point some are specialising in organic agriculture ) . The footings farm touristry and agritourism are used interchangeably, as penchant for usage is different geographically. In England, the term farm touristry is used ; on the East Coast, agritourism is used ( Rilla, 2012 ) . Use of the term farm touristry is non every bit common as agritourism and most of the writers have used the term agritourism and farm touristry interchangeably or as equivalent word in their surveies ( Beglaryan, 2011 ; Phillip, Hunter A ; Blackstone, 2010 ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Bruch, 2008 ; Kline et Al ; Hepburn, 2008 ; Barbieri A ; Mshenga, 2008 ; Roberts A ; Hall, 2001 ; Wall, 2000 ) . To the best of my cognition, no 1 has compared and contrast agritourism and farm touristry yet. 3.3 Agritourism and Rural Development There are several groundss for agritourism s part for rural development from assorted states. Not merely in developed states, researches in developing states have besides discovered many happening sing this phenomenon as agritourism has ability to open up alternate income beginnings for the husbandmans every bit good as environing community. A As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many occupations which have helped to resuscitate rural economic systems. Agritourism has different ways and agencies of helping rural development and has ability to act upon the economic, socio-cultural and environmental sweetening of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed states There are many important surveies in developed states related to agritourism and rural development. As per the survey of Haghiri and Okech ( 2011 ) on function of the agritourism direction in developing the economic system of rural countries in the state of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada , in rural development, agritourism Acts of the Apostless as a solution for the job of poorness by giving economic chances for the husbandmans. They have mentioned that the publicity of touristry and agritourism activities is one manner to assist develop the economic system of rural countries in the state that is confronting a series of challenges, such as little internal markets ; switching socio-demographics ; deficiency of sufficient investings ; the high rate of emigration ; diseconomies of graduated table ; and the developing economic substructure for the clip being. Further, they have identified three options as get downing the production of new merchandises ; organic fruits and veggies, s pecialized farm animal merchandises like sheep, caprine animals, pelt, electromagnetic unit, coneies, etc. , farm-based nutrient merchandises, such as staff of life, jams and gelatins, and handmade trades and heightening the bing touristry merchandises and besides developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other states of Canada, and international states. In Bahamas, agritourism usage forward linkages with agribusiness and touristry by direct merchandising of agricultural merchandises and services to the visitants and besides rearward linkages such as indirect attack utilizing an intermediary to supply merchandises to the touristry sector. These activities improve the income of husbandmans and eventually assisting for the rural development ( Hepburn, 2008 ) . Schmitt ( 2010 ) has done a survey on the agrarian adult females s bureau, get bying schemes, visions and wants against the dynamic alterations of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an of import permanent support scheme for some agrarian households, it remains an extra income for others. Either manner, it has turned out to be a beginning of adult females s turning assurance every bit good as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. Agritourism in Italy has able to carry on wide and advanced merchandise scope, sophisticated Marketing systems and most significantly, extended authorities supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear aim in head: To hold rural emigration by maintaining husbandmans on the land ( ibid ) . ( Porcaro, 2009 ) . As per Choo, ( 2012 ) agritourism can give husbandmans an chance to bring forth extra income and to be an avenue for direct selling of the farm merchandises to consumers. It can besides assist antagonize societal and economic jobs of the farms and local occupants ( loss of income, increased disbursals, globalisation, and others ( associated with the diminution of traditional agribusiness industries ) . While the fiscal advantages with regard to employment and rewards are clear, agritourism development can besides heighten the local quality of life. It can function as an of import beginning of revenue enhancement grosss, which may take to higher public services and lower local revenue enhancement rates. agritourism can besides back up preservation of local civilization and traditions, assisting to keep the viability of small-scale agribusiness ( Choo, 2012 ) . In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development schemes. A figure of agritourism endeavors are developing at local degree with voluntary enterprises utilizing the desires of local people and local disposals that want to profit from the installations of agritourism in Turkey. For illustration in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as adjustment, tasting and purchasing local nutrients by the urban people and disposal to happen excess income for them ( Topcu-2007 ) . Besides, the BuAYday Association s Ecological Farm Holidays undertaking ( Ta-Tu-Ta Project ) in Turkey is a concerted undertaking conducted by voluntary husbandmans and non-governmental organisation aiming to promote ecological life style. This undertaking stated that husbandmans benefit from agritourism by bring forthing and merchandising of organic merchandises to the visitants. Agritourism aids rural economic development by supplying alternate usage of farming area, increasing gross of on-farm activities, bettering concern sustainability, and conveying economic gross to rural countries both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism besides has the potency for informal agricultural instruction between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agribusiness ( Jolly A ; Reynolds, 2005 ) . A survey of Nasers, ( 2009 ) in Iowa UAS found that the publicity of agritourism provides a good relationship for local nutrient systems as it helps to heighten the entreaty of local nutrients. Local nutrient has become the consolidative subject of a societal motion to dispute and reshape the modern agri-food system. A local nutrient paradigm, in contrast, emphasizes nutrient quality and freshness, a personal connexion to little and household graduated table farms, environmental protection, community autonomy, and the economic multiplier effects of doing local purchases ( Ostrom, 2006, p. 66 ) . The demand for fresh green goods continues to turn, offering manufacturers the chance to increase their net incomes through direct selling. Direct selling provides a nexus between consumers seeking high-quality green goods and manufacturers who are seeking an chance to vie in the green goods industry ( Kuches et al. ) . In add-on to associating the consumer to the manufacturer, direct sell ing allows the manufacturer to short-circuit the traditional distribution web and gain a greater portion of net incomes ( Kuches et al. ) . As a signifier of direct selling, agritourism creates chances for the manufacturer to associate with their consumer and straight market their merchandises. Furthermore, Agritourism is increasing rural verve and exciting new economic chances through the variegation of farm operations and increased gross on-site and near the operations in Iowa ( Norby and Retallick, 2012 ) . Twe ( 2010 ) have reported that agritourism is progressively being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to husbandmans, visitants and communities, supports household farms in concern and continuing American agricultural heritage, maximising the productiveness of farming area resources through their recreational usage, and even better the economic state of affairs of local communities. Besides agritourism is suggested to increase farm grosss and serve other husbandman ends ( Ollenburg A ; Buckley, 2007 ; McGehee A ; Kim, 2004 ; Nickerson et al. , 2001 ) . Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to use existing resources or other low-input options ( Fisher, 2006 ) . Extra economic support for the farm concern is particularly of import in the current clip due to increased land values and agricultural input costs ( Salamon, 2003 ; Busby A ; Rendle, 1999 ; Ilbery, 1991 ) . Agritourism by and large activates as a little household endeavors, so it s both socially and economically profitable. Besides Agritourism assists to extenuate out-migration from distant countries and generate net income by diversifying economic system. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural countries adds quality to their life ( Monica Iorio A ; Andrea Corsale, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Gale, ( 2006 ) rural touristry endeavors provide fresh beginnings of income for households populating in distant countries. 2002, Sharpley ( 2002 ) has said that agritourism can offer occupation chances for rural people in local trades and vino devising sectors to supply extra income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural countries, betterment of the populace services, revival of local trades and to increase chances for societal contacts and exchange. Developing and forming agritourism requires a important investing though possible investing is less. ( Sharpley, 2002 ) . Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for cognition of the outside universe, promoting entrepreneurial activity, supplying excess income, bring forthing new signifiers of employment, making new forms of travel or puting up potentially negative presentation effects, modifying civilization and major economic escapes through multinational engagement ( Hall, 1998 ) . A survey of Beglaryan, ( 2011 ) on Development of Agro touristry in Armenia, agritourism provides the chance to increase the possible forA higherA border, A on-farmA salesA and valueA addedA productsA andA services.A Because most Armenian farms are operated by little landholders, there is great chance for customizat ion and singularity in agritourism attractive forces. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can lend for the agribusiness rural development in several ways ( Wicks and Marret 2003 ; Bruch, 2008 ) . However, to carry through this status, several other demands and conditions are important. For illustration, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attending on barriers and structural defects exist before they focus ( back ) towards the development potency for farms desiring to diversify their concern, and their possibilities for economic support and, merely as of import, advice from the agricultural associations consultancy construction every bit good as from national and regional touristry development organic structures, and perchance webs for rural/farm/green touristry operators to accomplish the full potency of rural touristry in Denmark can be realized. ( Nielsen, Aae Nissen and Just, 2010 ) . With most agricultural manufacturers in Miami-Dade County sing increased force per unit area by developers to sell their lands, lifting operating costs, and dead or worsening net income borders for most of the major agricultural trade goods, agritourism is a possible manner to help with preserving agribusiness and unfastened infinite and lending to the longer- term economic variableness of farm operations. Furthermore, while the benefits of agritourism are critical to the single manufacturers, the benefits travel much further with multiplier effects can hold major impacts on the local economic system ( Evans and Hodges, 2006 ) . The literature reappraisal indicates that agritourism can supply farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Continuing the ocular and cultural rural landscape ( Williams A ; Shaw, 1996 ; Luloff et al. , 1 995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ) ; Reducing out migration by supplying occupations ( Friesen ; 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Turner A ; Davis, 1993 ; Demoi, 1983 ) . ; Bringing a transportation of thoughts from urban to rural countries ( Oppermann, 1996 ) ; Supplying urban people with an experience of rural life ( Lowry, 1996 ; Reid et al. , 1 993 ) ; Diversifying the rural economic system ( Lowry, 1996 ; Ryan, 1995 ; Maude A ; van Rest, 1985 ) ; Making eventual market contacts with urban centres ( Agricultural Land Commission, 1997 ; Bowen et al. , 1991 ; Demoi, 1983 ) ; Making commissariats for certain substructure ( Bowen et al. ; 1991 ) ; and Enhancing the rural individuality of communities and stressing the importance of agribusiness in local countries ( Luloff et al. , 1995 ; Ryan, 1995 ) . Therefore, it is important that most of the groundss are from developed states and merely a few are from developing states. 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing states When agritourism surveies of Asia is concerned, merely a few can be identified. For illustration, Utama ( 2007 ) has studied on economic, societal and environmental benefits of agritourism for the local community, every bit good as the demand for agritourism among tourers in Bali, Indonesia. The purpose of the survey was to explicate the best schemes to introduce and construct up agritourism on Bali. Based on the survey, he has found that addition in income of agritourism husbandmans and occupation chances for local occupants, multiplier effects peculiarly for small-scale direct investings, beef uping local or regional constructions by making webs and the similar, stimulating physical substructure developments, increasing the diverseness of economic activities, raising consciousness of the value of an country, such as its landscape, nature and civilization, and the economic authorities, every bit good as bettering the substructure which enable to supply chances for other economic dev elopments. Furthermore, lending for the signifiers of agricultural merchandise betterments, and stimulations of other related touristry endeavors such as handcraft stores, eating houses, and adjustments, bettering the societal state of affairss of the local communities peculiarly poverty relief, diminishing unemployment every bit good as worsening urbanisation making nature preservation as one the sustainable touristry development indexs is contributed by agritourism development in Bali. Other parts such as international tourer arrival addition and bring forthing economic incomes are the functions of agritourism in using the sustainable touristry development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed tonss to the betterment of economic system lives of the local communities in the signifiers of agricultural merchandises gross revenues, assorted of hand-made keepsakes or handcrafts sold for the tourers, opportunities to set up nutrient stables or eating houses and certain types of adjustment such as home-stay, cottage, Villa, and hotel, every bit good as small town development. With regard to economic system betterment, the stakeholders preponderantly agree that increasing agricultural merchandises are the most part generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed toward betterment of societal state of affairs. There are three indexs which empower the authority of agritourism development such as poorness relief, diminishing the figure of unemployment, and worsening the urban. The stakeholders largely agree that the Agritourism enables to relieve poornesss and diminish the unemployment since i t provides work chances which can assist to better the quality of the villagers lives. Not merely that, Agritourism has extremely played a function in using sustainable touristry development in Bali. Stakeholders preponderantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature preservation as one of the of import ends of sustainable touristry ( sustaining nature, societal life, and civilization, every bit good as bring forthing income for the local societies ) . A In Malaysia, harmonizing to the survey of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, ( 2011 ) on Agritourism: Potential chances for husbandmans and local communities, agritourism has made a critical economic part to rural countries and communities though supplying local occupants with extra beginnings of income, diversifying the economic system and loaning prestigiousness to rural life. It enables many to see a fresh signifier of travel and leisure, to derive new consciousness and a positive attitude towards other universes, towards the environment and towards local people and their civilization. Harmonizing to Said et Al ( 2012 ) at Kampung Semarang small town in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to heighten the agricultural value of the farms and farm animal. It is besides to advance the small town as a new agri-based touristry finish, which would hike the criterion of life amongst the husbandmans and villagers lending for the local development. Besides, Hamzah et.al. , ( 2012 ) in their survey on soc io-economic impact potency of agritourism activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community life in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potency of lifting the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is assisting to heighten the societal authorization, beef up the community, diversify and escalate economic activities, provide occupation chances and alleviate poorness in that community. A rural development plan named rural subject small town in Korea is chiefly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon ( 2006 ) have studied on this plan and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernisation process of the national economic system. And besides, it has given penetrations to both husbandmans and policymakers to follow a broader position than the hither to agricultural merchandise oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong ( 2010 ) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to use all their resources to be to the full of benefit from the growing of touristry. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A chief chance for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could besides propose that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Gross generated from them tends to be in a community, therefore at that place has a little escape of income. A survey in the province of Haryana ( India ) has discovered that agritourism aid to acquire employment chances, put stashing on waysides, sustainability for agribusiness proper, assorted beginnings of income, aid husbandmans to heighten their cognition. As it is a new endeavor with less competition it is concern activity as compared to traditional agriculture less land with low productiveness can give more returns maintain natural resources as alimentary excavation is less and dirt preservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution jobs to environment, better wellness and it protects local heritage and civilization ( Shehrawat, 2009 ) . Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, ( 2012 ) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an advanced signifier of rural touristry, in the context of rural market as it can positively act upon regional development through bring forthing big scale employment and extra income beginnings to the skilled and unskilled. Developing touristry in rural countries increases engagement of the hapless and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Besides, it is a sustainable gross bring forthing merchandise for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economic system. It can forestall migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialised signifier of rural touristry in rural market. Harmonizing to Murangwa ( 2010 ) in India, agritourism informs as an built-in portion in prolonging the economic systems. Agritourism is a cardinal component of environmentally and socially duty of touristry in rural countries and leads to rural diversified economic system in footings of substructure development such as touristry installations like Accommodation and eating houses, roads, public-service corporations like H2O and electricity, telecommunication, wellness centres among others. Creation of occupations and increased income for the local people. When all these information are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an of import function in touristry sector and it has able to lend for rural development in important degree in many contexts. The development states should therefore consider agritourism as emerging signifier of touristry that would doubtless take to rural development every bit good as complementing other signifiers of touristry bing in their states ( Murangwa, 2010 ) . Furthermore, in literature reappraisal, it was noted that agritourism is in a place to give better consequences under the favourable conditions particularly where appropriate policies and plans are available. Therefore, suited strategic programs is indispensable to the minimize negative impacts and optimise the positive impacts and to make sustainable development in future. Development of Agrotourism in Armenia ( Kristina Beglaryan teithe.academia.edu/ /Development_of_Agrotourism_in_Armenia aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Excess information 1.4. Multifunctional agribusiness as a manner for rural development Harmonizing to a figure of writers ( Lowe et al 2002 ; Durand and Huylenbroeck 2002 ; and others ) multifunctionality could besides be considered as a third manner for rural development, alternate to the opposing progressive and interventionist theoretical accounts. Nevertheless, multifunctionality differs from the rural development attack ( referred to as the new paradigm , the network paradigm or integrated rural development by these writers ) in that it remains chiefly targeted upon agribusiness and agricultural endeavors. Some writers underscoring the importance of the agricultural sector suggest that, although constructed under the new paradigm, agribusiness and husbandmans are still cardinal to rural development success. Van der Ploeg et Al ( 2000 ) , for illustration, edifice on the literature and practical experiences agree that rural development procedures can affect many different histrions, yet reject the impression that rural dev

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